超声及DSA引导硬化治疗下肢静脉曲张的疗效对比分析

摘要 目的：对比超声及数字减影血管造影机（Digital subtraction angiography,DSA）引导泡沫硬化治疗下肢静脉曲张的临床治疗效果。方法：选取我院2015年10月到2020年10月共收治的120例下肢静脉曲张患者,将其随机分为观察组与对照组,每组60例,对照组患者应用DSA引导硬化治疗,观察组患者应用超声引导硬化治疗,对比两组患者的治疗效果,精神健康成分（Mental health components,MCS）、躯体健康成分（Physical health components,PCS）与疾病严重程度量表（Clinical severity of venous disease,VCSS）评分,住院时间与手术时间,不良反应发生情况。结果：观察组患者治疗总有效率96.67 %,高于对照组治疗总有效率86.67 %,组间对比有统计学差异（P<0.05）;两组患者治疗前MCS、PCS与VCSS评分对比无明显差异（P＞0.05）,治疗后,观察组患者MCS评分高于对照组,VCSS评分低于对照组,组间对比,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;观察组患者的住院时间与手术时间,高于对照组的住院时间与手术时间,组间对比,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;观察组患者不良反应总发生率5.00 %,低于对照组患者不良反应发生率20.00 %,组间对比,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论：超声引导下进行下肢静脉曲张硬化治疗有显著效果,能够治愈或降低静脉曲张分级,提升静脉曲张患者的精神、躯体健康,促进患者早日康复。     

Extracting Visual Evoked Potentials from EEG Data Recorded During fMRI-guided Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is an effective method for establishing a causal link between a cortical area and cognitive/neurophysiological effects. Specifically, by creating a transient interference with the normal activity of a target region and measuring changes in an electrophysiological signal, we can establish a causal link between the stimulated brain area or network and the electrophysiological signal that we record. If target brain areas are functionally defined with prior fMRI scan, TMS could be used to link the fMRI activations with evoked potentials recorded. However, conducting such experiments presents significant technical challenges given the high amplitude artifacts introduced into the EEG signal by the magnetic pulse, and the difficulty to successfully target areas that were functionally defined by fMRI. Here we describe a methodology for combining these three common tools: TMS, EEG, and fMRI. We explain how to guide the stimulator''s coil to the desired target area using anatomical or functional MRI data, how to record EEG during concurrent TMS, how to design an ERP study suitable for EEG-TMS combination and how to extract reliable ERP from the recorded data. We will provide representative results from a previously published study, in which fMRI-guided TMS was used concurrently with EEG to show that the face-selective N1 and the body-selective N1 component of the ERP are associated with distinct neural networks in extrastriate cortex. This method allows us to combine the high spatial resolution of fMRI with the high temporal resolution of TMS and EEG and therefore obtain a comprehensive understanding of the neural basis of various cognitive processes.     

Comparison between ambulatory measurement of effective thermal conductivity and laser Doppler flowmetry method to assess skin microcirculatory activity

The main objective of this paper was to assess the performance of the ambulatory device μHematron to measure indirectly skin blood flow relative to the well-established Laser Doppler flowmetry method. The μHematron device is dedicated to the non-invasive measurement of effective thermal conductivity of living tissues, based on the thermal clearance method. Its major advantage is its ambulatory functionality, as available methods for evaluation of microcirculatory activity are non-ambulatory methods. An experiment was conducted on ten healthy women exposed for one hour in three different thermal environments (22 °C, 25 °C and 30 °C). Skin microcirculatory activity was analyzed after an acclimatization period of 30 minutes. The time between each exposure was at least one hour. Performances of the μHematron device were assessed and a comparative study with a laser Doppler perfusion monitor (LDPM) was performed. Good correlation coefficients between the two devices (r = 0.71 at T1 = 22 °C, r = 0.77 at T2 = 25 °C and r = 0.83 at T3 = 30 °C) were obtained while the LDPM signal was filtered by a low pass filter (0.1 Hz). These results showed that continuous monitoring of effective thermal conductivity was possible in neutral and warm ambiences. Then, the μHematron device could be considered as a complementary tool to Doppler techniques for the investigation of skin blood flow, when ambulatory conditions are required.     

Electrode Positioning and Montage in Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that has been intensively investigated in the past decade as this method offers a non-invasive and safe alternative to change cortical excitability². The effects of one session of tDCS can last for several minutes, and its effects depend on polarity of stimulation, such as that cathodal stimulation induces a decrease in cortical excitability, and anodal stimulation induces an increase in cortical excitability that may last beyond the duration of stimulation⁶. These effects have been explored in cognitive neuroscience and also clinically in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders – especially when applied over several consecutive sessions⁴. One area that has been attracting attention of neuroscientists and clinicians is the use of tDCS for modulation of pain-related neural networks^3,5. Modulation of two main cortical areas in pain research has been explored: primary motor cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex⁷. Due to the critical role of electrode montage, in this article, we show different alternatives for electrode placement for tDCS clinical trials on pain; discussing advantages and disadvantages of each method of stimulation.     

Assessment of dopperfluxometric indices of maternal-fetal structures in pregnant ewes

The aim of this study was to evaluate the blood flow of the uterine artery, fetal aorta and umbilical artery in the physiological pregnancy of sheep by means of pulsed Doppler throughout the gestational period. Thirty Santa Inês ewes weighing between 45.4±4.3 kg and aged 2 to 5 years were selected. The evaluations were carried out weekly from the 3^rd to the 21^st gestational week. Peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV) and resistance index (RI) were obtained. Analysis of variance was performed, and the minimum significant comparison of means was obtained by the BH test with adjusted P<0.05. The results were expressed as mean ± standard error. For the fetal aorta, there was an increase in the EDV values and a decrease in the PSV and RI throughout pregnancy. For the uterine artery, PSV and EDV did not present significant variation, whereas the RI showed a reduction in the last week. Increased EDV values were found for the umbilical artery throughout pregnancy. For the PSV there was no significant difference, as the RI was reduced at the end of pregnancy. The results obtained are expected to contribute to a more complete understanding of the hemodynamic changes resulting from pregnancy.     

Study of the development of uteroplacental and fetal feline circulation by triplex Doppler

The objective was to evaluate blood flow in fetal and maternal vessels by Triplex Doppler and its association with development of blood vessels during gestation in the domestic cat. Ten queens were examined weekly from 14 to 63 d after mating. Peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV), resistance index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) of uteroplacental, aorta and umbilical fetal arteries and caudal vena cava of the fetus were evaluated. Throughout pregnancy, there was an increase in PSV and EDV in the aorta and umbilical arteries. In the caudal vena cava, there was an increase in PSV, whereas the EDV was constant, with a significant increase on Day 63. Peak systolic velocity and EDV of the uteroplacental artery reduced significantly on Day 63. Resistance index of the umbilical artery progressively decreased. In the aorta, this reduction was detected only on Day 42, with no defined pattern in the caudal vena cava and uteroplacental artery. Pulsatility index of the aorta varied. Although pulsatility increased in the caudal vena cava on Day 35 and remained elevated, pulsatility was significantly reduced in the umbilical artery by Day 63. The pulsatility index of the uteroplacental artery was constant (increased only on Day 63). Triplex Doppler evaluation could be a useful adjunct for prenatal care of pregnant queens, including assessment of vascular gestational development and prediction of gestational age.     

Reprint of: Neuroimaging in acute liver failure

Acute liver failure (ALF) is frequently complicated by the development of brain edema that can lead to intracranial hypertension and severe brain injury. Neuroimaging techniques allow a none-invasive assessment of brain tissue and cerebral hemodynamics by means of transcranial Doppler ultrasonography, magnetic resonance and nuclear imaging with radioligands. These methods have been very helpful to unravel the pathogenesis of this process and have been applied to patients and experimental models. They allow monitoring the outcome of patients with ALF and neurological manifestations. The increase in brain water can be detected by observing changes in brain volume and disturbances in diffusion weighted imaging. Neurometabolic changes are detected by magnetic resonance spectroscopy, which provides a pattern of abnormalities characterized by an increase in glutamine and a decrease in myo-inositol. Disturbances in cerebral blood flow are depicted by SPECT or PET and can be monitored and the bedside by assessing the characteristics of the waveform provided by transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. Neuroimaging methods, which are rapidly evolving, will undoubtedly lead to future diagnostic and therapeutic progress that could be very helpful for patients with ALF.     

Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography of Retinal Circulation

Noncontact retinal blood flow measurements are performed with a Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) system using a circumpapillary double circular scan (CDCS) that scans around the optic nerve head at 3.40 mm and 3.75 mm diameters. The double concentric circles are performed 6 times consecutively over 2 sec. The CDCS scan is saved with Doppler shift information from which flow can be calculated. The standard clinical protocol calls for 3 CDCS scans made with the OCT beam passing through the superonasal edge of the pupil and 3 CDCS scan through the inferonal pupil. This double-angle protocol ensures that acceptable Doppler angle is obtained on each retinal branch vessel in at least 1 scan. The CDCS scan data, a 3-dimensional volumetric OCT scan of the optic disc scan, and a color photograph of the optic disc are used together to obtain retinal blood flow measurement on an eye. We have developed a blood flow measurement software called "Doppler optical coherence tomography of retinal circulation" (DOCTORC). This semi-automated software is used to measure total retinal blood flow, vessel cross section area, and average blood velocity. The flow of each vessel is calculated from the Doppler shift in the vessel cross-sectional area and the Doppler angle between the vessel and the OCT beam. Total retinal blood flow measurement is summed from the veins around the optic disc. The results obtained at our Doppler OCT reading center showed good reproducibility between graders and methods (<10%). Total retinal blood flow could be useful in the management of glaucoma, other retinal diseases, and retinal diseases. In glaucoma patients, OCT retinal blood flow measurement was highly correlated with visual field loss (R²>0.57 with visual field pattern deviation). Doppler OCT is a new method to perform rapid, noncontact, and repeatable measurement of total retinal blood flow using widely available Fourier-domain OCT instrumentation. This new technology may improve the practicality of making these measurements in clinical studies and routine clinical practice.     

DTI评价猪急性心肌梗死再灌注治疗的实验研究

目的:探讨应用多普勒组织运动成像技术(DTI,Dopplar Tissue Motion Imaging)评价实验猪心肌梗死再灌注治疗后左室功能变化的价值。方法:取试验用家猪24头,随机分成2组,A组(10头)B组(14头)。A组作为对照组,未做任何处置,只是在相应时间点获取数据。B组实验猪经开胸,于前降支起始1 cm处,放置特制银夹,可以缓慢夹闭前降支血管,银夹自放置至完全闭合需6小时,9小时后再次开胸,取出银夹,进行心肌再灌注。A组与B组夹闭前、夹闭后6小时造影检查确定前降支完全闭塞、9小时闭塞状态取出银夹、12小时再灌注3小时进行常规超声心动图检查和DTI,获取对照组和模型组夹闭前、夹闭后6小时、9小时、12小时的左室舒张末期内径Edd(Left Ventricular End Diastolic Diameter)、收缩末期内径Esd(Left Ventricular End Systolic Diameter)、每搏输出量SV(cardiac stroke volume)、射血分数EF(ejection fraction)、短轴缩短率Fs(Fraction Shortening);舒张期二尖瓣前向血流频谱E峰、A峰、E/A等常规参数。转TVI(Tissue Velocity Imaging)模式下DTI测量二尖瓣环组织运动参数:收缩期峰值速度Sa、舒张早期峰值速度Ea、舒张晚期峰值速度Aa、及Ea/Aa。结果:1).B组实验猪在夹闭6小时、9小时、12小时DTI所测数据Sa峰值变化比常规数据变化明显(P0.01)2)。DTI所测数据Ea、Aa、Ea/Aa变化较舒张期二尖瓣前向血流数据E峰、A峰、E/A变化出现早。3).病理显示夹闭9小时时前壁心肌出现坏死,心肌细胞被破坏及炎细胞浸润。结论:DTI可以准确及时评价实验猪急性心肌梗死再灌注治疗左室功能的变化。